John A. Renner, Jr, M.D.  revised 12/1/98

I. Epidemiology
Wechsler H, Dowdall G, Davenport A, Rimm EB. Correlates of college student binge drinking. Am J Public Health 1995, 85:921-926.

DSM-IV
American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed., Washington, American Psychiatric Association, 1994.

CAGE
Ewing J.E. Detecting alcoholism. The CAGE questionnaire. JAMA 252:1905-1907, 1984.

MAST
American Psychiatric Association, Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) . Am J Psychiatry 127:1665, 1971.

Biomedical
Conigrave K.M., Saunders J.B., Whitfield J.B. Diagnostic tests for alcohol consumption. Alcohol & Alcoholism 30 (1) :13-26, 1995.

Carbohhydrate-Deficient Transferrin
Schmidt L.G., Schmidt K., Dufeu P., et al Superiority of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin to gamma-glutamyl-transferase in detecting relapse in alcoholism. Am J Psychiatry 154:75-80, 1997.

1. Detoxification
Ciraulo, D.A., Shader, R.I., Ciraulo, A.M., Greenblatt D.J., von Moltke L.L. The treatment of alcohol withdrawal. In Shader RI. (ed.) Manual of Psychiatric Therapeutics, Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1994.

Mayo-Smith M.F., for American Society of Addiction Medicine Working Group on Pharmacological Management of Alcohol Withdrawal. Pharmacological Management of Alcohol Withdrawal. JAMA 278:144-151, 1997.

Sullivan J.T., Sykora K., Schneiderman J., et al Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: The revised clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol scale (CIWA-Ar) British J Addiction 84:1353-1357, 1989.

Saitz, R. Mayo-Smith M.F., Roberts, M.S., et al Individualized treatment of alcohol withdrawal. JAMA 272:519-523, 1994.

Saitz, R, O’Malley, SS., Pharmaacotherapies for alcohol abuse. Medical Clinics of North America 81(4):881-907. 1997.

2. Aversive Agents/Disulfiram
Fuller RK, Branchey L, Brightwell DR, et al. Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism: JAMA 256:1449-1489, 1986.

Banys P. The clinical use of disulfiram (antabuse) : A review. J Psychoactive Drugs 20(3) :243-261, 1988.

Brewer C. Recent developments in disulfiram treatment. Alcohol & Alcoholism 28:383-395, 1993.

Wright C, Vafier JA, Lake CR. Disulfiram-induced fulminating hepatitis: Guidelines for liver-panel monitoring. J Clin Psychiatry 49:430-434, 1988.

Wicht F, et al. Divergence of ethanol and acetaldehyde kinetics and of the disulfiram-alcohol reaction with subjects with and without alcoholic liver disease. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 19:356-361, 1995 (or 1996?).

A. Naltrexone
Croop, RS, Faulkner, EB, Labriola, DE. The safety profile of naltrexone in the treatment of alcoholism. Results from a multicenter usage study. The Naltrexone Usage Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54:1130-5.

Marrazzi, MA, Wroblewski, MS, Kinzie,J, Luby, ED. High-dose naltrexone and liver function safety. Am J Addictions, 1997, 6:21-29.

O'Malley SS, Jaffe AJ, Chang G, Schottenfeld RS, Meyer, RE, Rounsaville, B. Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence. A controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:894-898.

Volpicelli JR, Alterman AI, Hayashida M, O'Brien CP. Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence [see comments]. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:876-80.

Volpicelli, JR, et al. Naltrexone and alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997, 54:737-742.

B. Acamprosate
Sass H, et al. Relapse prevention by acamprosate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:673-680, 1996.

C. SSRI's
Kranzler HR. Placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine as an adjunct to relapse prevention in alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry 152:391-397, 1995.

Cornelius, JR, et al., Fluoxetine in depressed alcoholics. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1997, 54:700-705.

4. Buspirone
Kranzler, HR, Burleson, JA, DelBoca, FK, et al. Buspirone treatment of anxious alcoholics. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1994, 51:720-731.

5. Use/Abuse of Benzodiazepines
Ciraulo, DA, Sands, BF, Shader, RI. Critical review of liability for benzodiazepine abuse among alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145:1501-6.

Ciraulo, DA, Barnhill, JG, Ciraulo, AM, et al. Alterations in pharmacodynamics of anxiolytics in abstinent alcoholic men: subjective responses, abuse liability, and electroencephalographic effects of alprazolam, diazepam, and buspirone. J. Clin Pharmacology, 1997, 37:64-73.

Mueller, TI, Goldenberg, IM, Gordon, AL, et al. Benzodiazepine use in anxiety disordered patients with and without a history of alcoholism. J Clin Psychiatry, 1996, 57(2):83-89.

1. Project MATCH
Project Match Research Group Matching alcoholism treatments to client hetergeneity: Project MATCH posttreatment drinking outcomes. J Stud Alcohol 58:7-29, 1997.

2. Alcoholics Anonymous
Brown S.D. Therapeutic processes in Alcoholics Anonymous, In McCrady B.S., Miller W.R. (eds.) Research on Alcoholics Anonymous, Opportunities and Alternatives, New Brunswick: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies 137-152, 1993.

3. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Sandberg, S.S., Marlatt, G.A. Relapse Prevention, In Ciraulo, D.A., Shader, R. (eds.) Clinical Manual of Chemical Dependence. Washington: American Psychiatric Press,Inc., 1991.

4. Motivational Enhancement Therapy
Miller W.R., Rollnick S. Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People to Change Addictive Behavior. New York: The Guilford Press, 1992.

5. Network Therapy
Galanter, M. Network Therapy for Alcohol and Drug Abuse: A New Approach in Practice. New York, Basic Books, 1993.

6. Brief Interventions "Frames"
Bien T. H., Miller W.R., Tonigan J.S. Brief interventions for alcohol problems: a review. Addiction 88:315-335, 1993.

7. 28 Day Rehabilitation Programs
Walsh D.C. et al A randomized trial of treatment options for alcohol-abusing workers. N Engl J Med 325:775-782, 1991.

8. Brief Psychotherapy
McDuff D.R., Solounias B.L. The use of brief psychotherapy with substance abusers in early recovery. J Psychotherapy Practice Research 1:163-170, 1992.

9. Countertransference Issues
Shaffer H.J. Denial, Ambivalence & Countertransference Hate, In Levin J.D., Weiss, R. (eds.) Alcoholism: Dynamics and Treatment Northdale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson, Inc., 1993

IV. Neurobiology
Cohen, HL, Porjesz, B, Stimus, AT, Begleiter, H. Effects of ethanol on temporal recovery of auditory-evoked potentials in individuals at risk for alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 1998, 22:945-953.

Hoffman PL, Tabakoff B. Alcohol dependence: a commentary on mechanisms. Alcohol Alcohol 1996; 31:333-40.

Tabakoff B, Hoffman PL. Alcohol: neurobiology. In Lowinson JH, Ruiz P, Millman RB, Langrod JG. (eds.) Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook (2rd ed.) Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992, pp. 152-185.

Tsai G, Gastfriend DR, Coyle JT. The glutamatergic basis of human alcoholism [see comments]. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:332-40.

Tsai, G, Ragan, P, Chang, BS, et al., Increased glutamatergic neurotransmission and oxidative stress after alcohol withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 1998, 155:726-732.

Williams, HL, Rundell, HO. Altered sleep physiology in chronic alcoholics: Reversal with abstinence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 1981, 5(2):318-325.

Genetic Aspects of Alcohol Dependence
Begleiter H, Reich T, Hesselbrock V, Porjesz B, Li T.K, Schuckit, M.A., Edenberg H.J, Rice J.P. The collaborative study on genetics of alcoholism. Alcohol Health & Research World. 19:228-236, 1995.

Buydens-Branchey L, Branchey M, Noumair D, Lieber C. Age of alcoholism onset, I & II. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:225-236, 1989.

Cloninger C.R. Neurogenic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism. Science 236:410-416, 1987.

Frances R.J ,Timm S, Bucky S. Studies of familial and non-familial alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37:564-566, 1980.

Galanter J. Genetic factors in alcoholism:evidence and implications. In Kranzler H. (ed.) The Pharmacology of Alcohol Abuse, New York: Springer-Verlag 207-313, 1995.

Goodwin DW, Scheilsinger F, Holler N, Hermansen L, Winokur G, Guze SB. Drinking problems in adopted and non-adopted sons of alcoholics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 31:164-169, 1974.

Schuckit, MA. Low level of response to alcohol as a predictor of future alcoholism. Am J Psychiatry 151:184-189, 1994.

Schuckit, MA, Smith, TL. An 8-year follow-up of 450 sons of alcoholic and control subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1996, 53:202-210.

Sigvardsson, S, Bohman, M, Cloninger, CR. Replication of the Stockholm adoption study of alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996, 53:681-687.

V. Overview
Ciraulo DA, Renner JA. Alcoholism. In Ciraulo DA, Shader RI. (eds.) Clinical Manual of Chemical Dependence. Washington: American Psychiatric Press, 1991.

Goodwin DW. Alcohol: clinical aspects. In Lowinson JH, Ruiz P, Millman RB, Langrod JG. (eds.) Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook (2rd ed.) Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992, pp. 144-151.

Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ, Grebb JA. Substance-related disorders: overview. In Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ, Grebb JA., Synopsis of Psychiatry (7th ed.) Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1994, pp. 383-395.

Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ, Grebb JA. Substance-related disorders: alcohol-related disorders. In Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ, Grebb JA., Synopsis of Psychiatry (7th ed.) Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1994, pp. 396-411.

VI. Classical Contributions
Jellinek EM. The Disease Concept of Alcoholism. New Haven: Hillhouse Press, 1960.

Zinberg N. Alcohol addiction: toward a more comprehensive definition. In Bean M., Zinberg N. (eds.) Dynamic Approaches to the Understanding and Treatment of Alcoholism. New York: The Free Press, 1981.

Vaillant S. Paths into abstinence (chapter 4) in The Natural History of Alcoholism. Cambridge: The Harvard University Press, 1983.

Cloninger CR, et al. Inheritance of alcohol abuse. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38:861-868, 1981.

VII. Comorbid Issues
Regier, DA, Farmer, ME, Rae, DS, Locke, BZ, Keith, SJ, Judd, LL, Goodwin, FK. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study [see comments]. JAMA 1990; 264:2511-8.

Kessler, RC, Crum, RM, Warner, LA, Nelson, CB, Schulenberg, J, Anthony, JC. Lifetime co-occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54:313-21.

VIII. Public Policy Issues & History
O’Brien, CP, McLellan, AT. Myths about the treatment of addiction. Lancet 1996, 347:237-40.

IX. Medical Complications (Natural History; Cause)
Arnon, R, Degtli, S, Zern, MA. Molecular biological aspects of alcohol-induced liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995; 19:247-56.

Charness, ME. Brain lesions in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17:2-11.

Freedland, ES, McMicken, DB. Alcohol-related seizures, Part II: Clinical presentation and management. J Emerg Med 1993; 11:605-18.

Lieber, CS. Medical disorders of alcoholism [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1058-65.

Smith, JW. Medical manifestations of alcoholism in the elderly. Int J Addict 1995; 30:1749-98.

Intoxication
Victor H, Adams RD. The effect of alcohol on the nervous system. Res Nerv Mental Dis 32:526-533, 1953.

Naranjo CA, Bremner K.E. Behavioral correlates of alcohol intoxication. Addiction. 88:31-41, 1993.

Frezza H, DiPadova C, Pozzato S., et al High blood alcohol levels in women: the role of decreased gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity and first-pass metabolism. N Engl J Med 322:95-99, 1990.

Mild Organic Brain Syndrome
Scientific American, April, 1985, pg 76.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Famy, C, Streissguth, AP, Unis, AS. Mental illness in adults with fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol effects. Am J Psychiatry 1998, 155:552-554.

Lewis, DD, Woods, SE. Fetal alcohol syndrome. Am Fam Physician 1994; 50:1025-32, 1035-6.

Little, RE, Anderson, KW, Ervin, CH, Worthington-Roberts, B, Clarren, SK. Maternal alcohol use during breast-feeding and infant mental and motor development at one year. NEJM 1989, 321(7):425-430.

Streissguth, AP. Alcohol and pregnancy: An overview and an update. Substance Abuse and Alcohol Action/Misuse 1983, 4(2/3):149-171.

Streissguth, AP, et al. Fetal alcohol syndrome in adolescents and adults. JAMA 1991, 265(1961-1967.

Women
Blume SB. Alcoholism in women. Harvard Mental Health Letter 1998, 14(9):5-7.

Elderly
Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. Alcoholism in the elderly. JAMA 275(10):797-801, 1996.

Smith, JW. Medical manifestations of alcoholism in the elderly. Int J Addict 1995; 30:1749-98.

American Indians
May PA. The epidemiology of alcohol abuse among American Indians: The mythical and real properties. American Indian Culture and Research J 18(2):121-143, 1994.

Impaired Physicians
Centrella M. Physician addiction and impairment - Current thinking: A review. J Addictive Dis 13(1):91-105, 1994.

Morse RM, Flavin DK. The definition of alcoholism. JAMA 268:1012-1014, 1992.

McAuliffe WE, Rohman M, Santangelo S, Feldman B, Magnuson E, Sobol A, Weissman J. Psychoactive drug use among practicing physicians and medical students. N Engl J Med 315(13):805-810, 1986.

Brewster JM. Prevalence of alcohol and other drug problems among physicians. JAMA 255:1913-1920, 1986.

XI. Conceptual Paradigms / Etiology
Barbor T.F., et al Types of alcoholics, I, Evidence for an empirically derived tyopology based on indicators of vulnerability and severity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:599-608, 1992.

Jessor R. Perceived opportunity, alienation and drinking behavior. J Pers Soc Psychol 15:215-222, 1970.

Tarter RE., Alternan A.L., Edwards K.L. Vulnerability to alcoholism in men: A behavioral-genetic perspective. J Stud Alcohol 46:329-356, 1985.

Shaffer HJ. The psychology of stage change. In Lowinson JH, Ruiz P, Millman RB, Langrod JG. (Eds.) Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook (3rd ed.) Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1997, pp. 100-106.

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