Compiled by Kirk Brower, MD

9/20/02 

Brower KJ. Anabolic steroid abuse and dependence. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2002;4:377-387.

Kutscher EC, Lund BC, Perry PJ. Anabolic steroids: a review for the clinician. Sports Med 2002;32:285-296.

Shahidi NT. A review of the chemistry, biological action, and clinical applications of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Clin Ther 2001;23:1355-1390.

Yesalis CE, editor. Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise, 2^nd ed. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL; 2000.

Classical Contributions (in chronological order)

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Danziger L, Schroeder H, Unger A. Androgen therapy for involutional melancholia. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 1944;51:457-461.

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Clancy GP, Yates WR. Anabolic steroid use among substance abusers in treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1992;53:97-100.

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Irving LM, Wall M, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M. Steroid use among adolescents: findings from Project EAT. J Adolesc Health 2002;30:243-252.

Yesalis CE, Kennedy NJ, Kopstein AN, Bahrke MS. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use in the United States. JAMA 1993;270:1217-1221.

Daly RC, Su TP, Schmidt PJ, Pickar D, Murphy DL, Rubinow DR. Cerebrospinal fluid and behavioral changes after methyltestosterone administration: preliminary findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:172-177.

Johansson P, Ray A, Zhou Q, Huang W, Karlsson K, Nyberg F. Anabolic androgenic steroids increase beta-endorphin levels in the ventral tegmental area in the male rat brain. Neurosci Res 1997;27:185-189.

Kindlundh AM, Lindblom J, Bergstrom L, Wikberg JE, Nyberg F. The anabolic-androgenic steroid nandrolone decanoate affects the density of dopamine receptors in the male rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 2001;13:291-296.

Rosellini RA, Svare BB, Rhodes ME, Frye CA. The testosterone metabolite and neurosteroid 3-alpha-androstanediol may mediate the effects of testosterone on conditioned place preference. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2001;37:162-171.

Catlin DH, Hatton CK, Starcevic SH. Issues in detecting abuse of xenobiotic anabolic steroids and testosterone by analysis of athletes' urine. Clin Chem 1997;43:1280-1288.

O'Sullivan AJ, Kennedy MC, Casey JH, Day RO, Corrigan B, Wodak AD. Anabolic-androgenic steroids: medical assessment of present, past and potential users. Med J Aust 2000;173:323-327.

Pertusi R, Dickerman RD, McConathy WJ. Evaluation of aminotransferase elevations in a bodybuilder using anabolic steroids: hepatitis or rhabdomyolysis? J Am Osteopath Assoc 2001;101:391-394.

Brower KJ. Assessment and treatment of anabolic steroid abuse, dependence, and withdrawal. In: Yesalis CE, editor. Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise, 2^nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2000:305-332.

Corcoran, JP, Longo, EL. Psychological treatment of anabolic-androgenic steroid-dependent individuals. J Subst Abuse Treat 1992;9:229-235.

Malone DA Jr, Dimeff RJ. The use of fluoxetine in depression associated with anabolic steroid withdrawal: a case series. J Clin Psychiatry 1992;53:130-132.

Malone DA Jr. Pharmacological therapies of anabolic androgenic steroid addiction. In: Miller NS, Gold MS, eds. Pharmacological therapies for drug and alcohol addictions. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1995:227-237.

Malone DA, Dimeff, RJ, Lombardo JA, Sample RHB. Psychiatric effects and psychoactive substance use in anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Clin J Sport Med. 1995;5:25-31.

Pope, HG Jr, Katz, DL. Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:375-382.

Pope HG Jr, Kouri EM, Hudson JI. Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:133-140; discussion 155-156.

Yates WR, Perry PJ, Andersen KH. Illicit anabolic steroid use: a controlled personality study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1990;81:548-550.

Verroken M. Ethical aspects and the prevalence of hormone abuse in sport. J Endocrinol 2001;170:49-54.

Yesalis CE, Bahrke MS, Wright JE. Societal alternatives to anabolic steroid use. Clin J Sport Med 2000;10:1-6.

Ahrendt DM. Ergogenic aids: counseling the athlete. Am Fam Physician 2001;63:913-922.

MacKinnon DP, Goldberg L, Clarke GN, et al. Mediating mechanisms in a program to reduce intentions to use anabolic steroids and improve exercise self-efficacy and dietary behavior. Prev Sci 2001;2:15-28.

Babigian A, Silverman RT. Management of gynecomastia due to use of anabolic steroids in bodybuilders. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;107:240-242.

Melchert, RB, Welder, AA. Cardiovascular effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1995;27:1252-1262.

Midgley SJ, Heather N, Best D, Henderson D, McCarthy S, Davies JB. Risk behaviours for HIV and hepatitis infection among anabolic-androgenic steroid users. AIDS Care 2000;12:163-170.

Parssinen M, Seppala T. Steroid use and long-term health risks in former athletes. Sports Med 2002;32:83-94.

Soe KL, Soe M, and Gluud C. Liver pathology associated with the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Liver 1992;12:73-79.

Thiblin I, Lindquist O, Rajs J. Cause and manner of death among users of anabolic androgenic steroids. J Forensic Sci 2000;45:16-23.

Gruber AJ, Pope HG Jr. Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use in women. Psychother Psychosom 2000;69:19-26.

Kindlundh AM, Hagekull B, Isacson DG, Nyberg F. Adolescent use of anabolic-androgenic steroids and relations to self- reports of social, personality and health aspects. Eur J Public Health 2001;11:322-328.

Silver MD. Use of ergogenic aids by athletes. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2001;9:61-70.

Wichstrom L, Pedersen W. Use of anabolic-androgenic steroids in adolescence: winning, looking good or being bad? J Stud Alcohol 2001;62:5-13.